Pbuh

 NAME: SALMANU IBRAHIM LAWAL

COURSE CODE: 101: EARLY HISTORY OF ISLAMIC FROM JAHILIYYA PERIOD

Muhammad (pbuh) was born in makkah, by the aristocratic clan of quraysh, his father was Abdullahi son of Abdul muttalib who was the then chief of quraysh, and his mother was Amina bin wahhab, from the clan of banu Zohra.

Abdullahi was married to Amina, a few days after he passed away leaving his wife pregnant, after his demise with few months which is exactly 12 Rabbiul awwal corresponding to 20 April 571 AD Amina gave birth to a prophet (pbuh) his mother named him Ahmad and his grand father Muhammad. As its for Arab traditions prophet was handled to a foster mother called Halimatus sadiya which took him to her deserted village called banu sa’d, which was considered as the purest tongue of Arabian, after six years prophet was returned to his mother and he was then took for to go and visit his maternal relatives by his mother, his mother visit her husband grave, on their way back to makkah she passed away at a village called al abwa and he was buried there. And the his grand father continued with taking care of him, after two years he died and hand prophet to his paternal uncle Abu talib.

He accompanied Abu talib in a caravan trade to a Syria in one such a journey they met with a Christian monk named Bahira. Who prophesied a great divine mission will come to prophet (pbuh). Prophet does not have a privilege of going to school he remains unlettered  he won the love and respect of quraysh, he was called Al ameen the trust worthy, he also solved the misunderstanding of his people while placing a black stone to its proper place, he organised association called half al fuzul to help the victims of the battle of harb al fuzul when he was still young. 

Muhammad and Khadijah:

The noble qualities of the prophet spreads through out the city of makkah till it reaches out to the ear of a wealthiest widow of the city named Khadijah, she had a large trade and needed a honest and trust worthy man to look after her, she invited prophet to her house and asked him to manage her business and in the end she wanted to marry him, he accepted in the consent of his uncle Abu talib, they married when he was twenty five and she was forty. After their marriage the prophet gained an extensive opportunity to focused on his mission of seeking guidance to people due to their wretched condition of living, he devoted himself  by isolating in the cave of hera, after spending fifteen years meditating, finally the guidance arrived to the prophet (pbuh) when Angel came to him and said “read” he replied I am not a reader, he repeat twice and reveal to him five verse from the quran chapter. And finally he was told that he is the messenger of Allah and he is sends toward his people to preach them, call them to Allah to worship him alone, his wife Khadijah was the first to believe with him. Then his friend Abu Baker, and from the children Aliyu the son of his uncle Abu talib.

First he started by calling his family and quraysh in for years, his people at first laughed at him, but when they found that he was earnest they dissuade him from the preaching of his religion, the opposition to his preaching mostly come from Ummayad, but his uncle extended his protection to the prophet. And this lead to momentous decision of sending a batch of sixteen men and women to Abyssinia, jafar was the leader and uthman and ruqayya daughter of the prophet (pbuh) are included. The chiefs of the makkan sent a representative to return them back but the neguse of Abyssinian emperor refused.

After the first batch were sent the hardship increase by the quraysh to the Muslim and the prophet (pbuh) sent another batch of eighty three  men to abyssinia for the second time and the negus of abyssinia once again accepted them by giving them a shelter and respect to them, and this frightened quraysh, they feared that Muslims in Abyssinia may form a rival community and with the help of Abyssinian emperor they might come and destroy the pagan of makkan so they approach  Abu talib for compromise with the prophet but the prophet said if the sun will be place in my right hand and the moon in my left hand I will not give up the mission.

In the sixth year of the prophet mission Hamza and Umar accepted Islam, their conversion strengthen the hold of Islam, and the pagan of makkah level up their hatred they even boycott with the Muslims, and the Abu dalib continued to protect the prophet with all his strength, and in the same year Abu dalib and Khadijah died, this became a great lost to a prophet and he call that year a year of sorrow, the persecution of makkan to Muslims increased and the prophet decide to go outside of the makka to preach, he even went to a neighbouring country da’if but people of da’if did not accept Islam it was in (619 AD), the prophet returned to makkah and remained at the outskirt of the city preaching to a People who came on a pilgrimage to makkah.

In a pilgrimage season the prophet met with a six men from yathreb belonging to tribe of khazraj they accepted Islam it was in (620 AD) In the following year another group 12 men came to the prophet 10 from khazraj and 2 from aws the accepted Islam and promised to worship Allah alone, this is know as the first pledge of Al-aqaba, the prophet sent them with mus ab to teach them Islam (621 AD). 

Just a year after a group of seventy three persons from yathreb came to prophet and met him near makkah they accepted Islam and invited prophet to their city in (622 AD).

The Hijrat

The pledge of aqabah pave the way the historic migration of the prophet from makkah to yathreb(madina) took place known as hijrat in 622 AD. The prospect of the new religion look brighter at madina, they have been yearning of coming prophet to madina in order to settle their dispute khazraj and aws. He arrived at 22nd July 622 AD, the hijra era date from hijrat, it was introduced by Khalifa Umar in 637 AD. The people of yathreb named their city Madinatu al nabi (city of prophet), the prophet dignified the madinite with the title called Ansar or helpers, the common wealth was established by the prophet at madina,  people of madina are obedient to the prophet so they made him to be their political and a leader to all of their affairs.

The makkan people consider a success of the prophet in madina as a great danger to them so they raid a town close to madina which are Muslims and Muslims found out the caravan of makka that go to Yemen for trade they decide to take a revenge and this lead to battle of “badar”. Which Abu lahab advanced with an army of 1000 and the prophet with 313 men, which happened in the  month of Ramadan 2 A.H 624 AD. The Muslims were able to scored a victory over pagans of makka and this lead to another battle called “Uhud” in the 3rd year after hijra which Abu sufyan brought with 3200 battalion of army and the prophet with only 1000 of men out of them 300 deserted but prophet proceeds to march to the battle field, but for this time Muslims end up with a lost due to some inconveniences.

In the fifth year of hijra the makkan raised an army of 10,000 and came to madina in order to destroy Muslims prophet decided not to face them in an open field, and adopted a new tactics  from his Persian disciple salmon where they constructed a ditch across the city and remained inside and in the end Allah did the battle for the Muslims by sending a strong wind that destroy the army of makkan pagans, this is referred as battle of khandaq.

Treaty of Hudaybiah

In the sixth year of hijra the prophet approached makkah with 1,400 followers for pilgrimage but people of makkah denied the entrance of the prophet and instead they incited a stipulation between them, among there will be no war between makkan and Muslims for ten years, and Muslims will return next year and makkan will exit and leave Muslims to inhabit the city for three days, but two years after he returned with 10,000 followers and conquered the makkah.

Conquest of makkah

The makkans didn’t respect the treaty of hudaybiah and not long they attack part of Muslims and prophet decided to fight makkans which prophet march to makka with a 10,000 men, but with the surprise of makkans prophet didn’t fight them but rather forgive them and this symbol of magnanimity of prophet made many makkans to accept Islam including Abu sufyan the chief of makkan by the time and khalid bn al walid which later became a great commandant of Islam, prophet removed all the idols in ka abah and sanitised it and confirm the oneness of Allah

Farewell pilgrimage 

In the tenth year of hijra the prophet perceived that his mission was successfully completed and his end has drawn near, he decided to go for last pilgrimage, which he was accompanied by thousands of follower, prophet performed a last sermon on this pilgrimage, where he said all people are equal either slave or his master, black and white people are equal, your wife are properties and scared, take a good care of them,  shortly after the prophet returned he fell short ill and leave the world soon after, on June 8th 632 AD.

Prophet as a reformer 

Prophet is the greatest revolutionary and greatest man the world has ever produced within a short span of twenty years he brings the changes that world has ever seen, his revolution not only changes the religion, but rather it touches all aspects of life, making people wiser and fully committed to their life, whether it is material or spiritual.

He brought a coherence but Judaism and Christianity where he compromised and introduced a one way of oneness.

Prayer and hajj are another important segment because it equalised people and brought international friendship.

Prophet introduced a social order where anybody is entitled to live justly , and fairness among other,  the life of Arab were changed thoroughly as if they are not been before, by religio-social system Arabs life's  became refined.

Conclusion 

I would like to conclude by quoting joseph hell:

Muhammad is a greatest man whom without world will appeared incomplete he initiated and brought to fulfillment of spiritual forces that would never have come to birth Without him the extraordinary vitality of this forces proved even today positively that the founder of Islam belong to the past and to the future, and to both so completely that they cannot be distinguish from the present.